Maths Olympiad Prep

Track / Stage 7 / 104 of 300 #1504 of 1964

Problem 1504

National Olympiad second round; IMO P1/P4
Algebra Difficulty 7.2 Prove it

Given positive real numbers x,y,zx, y, z satisfying xyz⩾1x y z \geqslant 1, prove:
x5−x2x5+y2+z2+y5−y2y5+z2+x2+z5−z2z5+x2+y2⩾011. \frac{x^{5}-x^{2}}{x^{5}+y^{2}+z^{2}}+\frac{y^{5}-y^{2}}{y^{5}+z^{2}+x^{2}}+\frac{z^{5}-z^{2}}{z^{5}+x^{2}+y^{2}} \geqslant 0^{11} \text {. }

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, then read the official solution and mark yourself. Be honest about it: the record is only any use to you if it is.

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Official solution

Obviously, equation (1)
⇔x5x5+y2+z2+y5y5+z2+x2+z5z5+x2+y2⩾x2x5+y2+z2+y2y5+z2+x2+z2z5+x2+y2\begin{array}{l} \Leftrightarrow \frac{x^{5}}{x^{5}+y^{2}+z^{2}}+\frac{y^{5}}{y^{5}+z^{2}+x^{2}}+\frac{z^{5}}{z^{5}+x^{2}+y^{2}} \\ \geqslant \frac{x^{2}}{x^{5}+y^{2}+z^{2}}+\frac{y^{2}}{y^{5}+z^{2}+x^{2}}+\frac{z^{2}}{z^{5}+x^{2}+y^{2}} \end{array}

Lemma: For positive real numbers x,y,zx, y, z satisfying xyz⩾1xyz \geqslant 1, and real numbers a,ba, b satisfying a>b⩾0a > b \geqslant 0, prove:
xa+ya+za⩾xb+yb+zb.x^{a}+y^{a}+z^{a} \geqslant x^{b}+y^{b}+z^{b}.

Proof of the lemma: Without loss of generality, assume x⩾y⩾zx \geqslant y \geqslant z, then
xb⩾yb⩾zb,xa−b⩾ya−b⩾za−b.x^{b} \geqslant y^{b} \geqslant z^{b}, \quad x^{a-b} \geqslant y^{a-b} \geqslant z^{a-b}.

By the rearrangement inequality, we have
x b y a-b + y b z a-b + z b x a-b x a + y a + z a , x b z a-b + y b x a-b + z b y a-b x a + y a + z a . Thus, (x b + y b + z b ) (x a-b + y a-b + z a-b ) = (x a + y a + z b ) + (x b y a-b + y b z a-b + . z b x a-b ) + (x b z a-b + y b x a-b + z b y a-b ) 3 (x a + y a + z a ). Also, (x b + y b + z b ) (x a-b + y a-b + z a-b ) (x b + y b + z b ) 3 [3] x a-b y a-b z a-b 3 (x b + y b + z b ), x a + y a + z a x b + y b + z b .\text{x b y a-b + y b z a-b + z b x a-b x a + y a + z a , x b z a-b + y b x a-b + z b y a-b x a + y a + z a . Thus, (x b + y b + z b ) (x a-b + y a-b + z a-b ) = (x a + y a + z b ) + (x b y a-b + y b z a-b + . z b x a-b ) + (x b z a-b + y b x a-b + z b y a-b ) 3 (x a + y a + z a ). Also, (x b + y b + z b ) (x a-b + y a-b + z a-b ) (x b + y b + z b ) 3 [3] x a-b y a-b z a-b 3 (x b + y b + z b ), x a + y a + z a x b + y b + z b .}

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty, ordering) added by this project.