Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.0 AIME, harder Prove it Croatia

Let aa and bb be integers of different parity. Prove that there exists an integer cc such that the numbers ab+cab + c, a+ca + c and b+cb + c are squares of integers.

Solution

For arbitrary aa and bb of different parity define
c=1+a2+b2−2a−2b−2ab4. c = \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 - 2a - 2b - 2ab}{4}.
Note that cc is an integer, since aa and bb are of different parity (for example, if aa is even and bb is odd, then 1−2b+b2=(1−b)21 - 2b + b^2 = (1 - b)^2 and a2−2a−2aba^2 - 2a - 2ab are divisible by 44).
Then
a+c=1+a2+b2+2a−2b−2ab4=(1+a−b2)2,b+c=1+a2+b2−2a+2b−2ab4=(1−a+b2)2,ab+c=1+a2+b2−2a−2b+2ab4=(1−a−b2)2. \begin{aligned} a + c &= \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 + 2a - 2b - 2ab}{4} = \left( \frac{1 + a - b}{2} \right)^2, \\ b + c &= \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 - 2a + 2b - 2ab}{4} = \left( \frac{1 - a + b}{2} \right)^2, \\ ab + c &= \frac{1 + a^2 + b^2 - 2a - 2b + 2ab}{4} = \left( \frac{1 - a - b}{2} \right)^2. \end{aligned}
Since aa and bb are of different parity, the numbers 1+a−b1+a-b, 1−a+b1-a+b and 1−a−b1-a-b are even, which completes the proof.

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