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Geometry Difficulty 8.3 Shortlist Prove it IMO

Let ABCABC be a triangle with incenter II and let XX, YY and ZZ be the incenters of the triangles BICBIC, CIACIA and AIBAIB, respectively. Let the triangle XYZXYZ be equilateral. Prove that ABCABC is equilateral too.

Solution

AZAZ, AIAI and AYAY divide ∠BAC\angle BAC into four equal angles; denote them by α\alpha. In the same way we have four equal angles β\beta at BB and four equal angles γ\gamma at CC. Obviously α+β+γ=180∘4=45∘\alpha + \beta + \gamma = \frac{180^\circ}{4} = 45^\circ; and 0∘<α,β,γ<45∘0^\circ < \alpha, \beta, \gamma < 45^\circ.

Figure 1

Easy calculations in various triangles yield ∠BIC=180∘−2β−2γ=180∘−(90∘−2α)=90∘+2α\angle BIC = 180^\circ - 2\beta - 2\gamma = 180^\circ - (90^\circ - 2\alpha) = 90^\circ + 2\alpha, hence (for XX is the incenter of triangle BCIBCI, so IXIX bisects ∠BIC\angle BIC) we have ∠XIC=∠BIX=12∠BIC=45∘+α\angle XIC = \angle BIX = \frac{1}{2} \angle BIC = 45^\circ + \alpha and with similar arguments ∠CIY=∠YIA=45∘+β\angle CIY = \angle YIA = 45^\circ + \beta and ∠AIZ=∠ZIB=45∘+γ\angle AIZ = \angle ZIB = 45^\circ + \gamma.

Furthermore, we have ∠XIY=∠XIC+∠CIY=(45∘+α)+(45∘+β)=135∘−γ\angle XIY = \angle XIC + \angle CIY = (45^\circ + \alpha) + (45^\circ + \beta) = 135^\circ - \gamma, ∠YIZ=135∘−α\angle YIZ = 135^\circ - \alpha, and ∠ZIX=135∘−β\angle ZIX = 135^\circ - \beta.

Now we calculate the lengths of IXIX, IYIY and IZIZ in terms of α\alpha, β\beta and γ\gamma. The perpendicular from II on CXCX has length IX⋅sin⁡∠CXI=IX⋅sin⁡(90∘+β)=IX⋅cos⁡βIX \cdot \sin \angle CXI = IX \cdot \sin (90^\circ + \beta) = IX \cdot \cos \beta. But CICI bisects ∠YCX\angle YCX, so the perpendicular from II on CYCY has the same length, and we conclude
IX⋅cos⁡β=IY⋅cos⁡α IX \cdot \cos \beta = IY \cdot \cos \alpha
To make calculations easier we choose a length unit that makes IX=cos⁡αIX = \cos \alpha. Then IY=cos⁡βIY = \cos \beta and with similar arguments IZ=cos⁡γIZ = \cos \gamma.

Since XYZXYZ is equilateral we have ZX=ZYZX = ZY. The law of cosines in triangles XYIXYI, YZIYZI yields
ZX2=ZY2⟹IZ2+IX2−2⋅IZ⋅IX⋅cos⁡∠ZIX=IZ2+IY2−2⋅IZ⋅IY⋅cos⁡∠YIZ⟹IX2−IY2=2⋅IZ⋅(IX⋅cos⁡∠ZIX−IY⋅cos⁡∠YIZ)⟹cos⁡2α−cos⁡2β⏟L.H.S.=2⋅cos⁡γ⋅(cos⁡α⋅cos⁡(135∘−β)−cos⁡β⋅cos⁡(135∘−α))⏟R.H.S.. \begin{aligned} & ZX^2 = ZY^2 \\ \Longrightarrow & IZ^2 + IX^2 - 2 \cdot IZ \cdot IX \cdot \cos \angle ZIX = IZ^2 + IY^2 - 2 \cdot IZ \cdot IY \cdot \cos \angle YIZ \\ \Longrightarrow & IX^2 - IY^2 = 2 \cdot IZ \cdot (IX \cdot \cos \angle ZIX - IY \cdot \cos \angle YIZ) \\ \Longrightarrow & \underbrace{\cos^2 \alpha - \cos^2 \beta}_{\text{L.H.S.}} = \underbrace{2 \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot \cos (135^\circ - \beta) - \cos \beta \cdot \cos (135^\circ - \alpha))}_{\text{R.H.S.}}. \end{aligned}
A transformation of the left-hand side (L.H.S.) yields
L.H.S.=cos⁡2α⋅(sin⁡2β+cos⁡2β)−cos⁡2β⋅(sin⁡2α+cos⁡2α)=cos⁡2α⋅sin⁡2β−cos⁡2β⋅sin⁡2α \begin{aligned} \text{L.H.S.} & = \cos^2 \alpha \cdot (\sin^2 \beta + \cos^2 \beta) - \cos^2 \beta \cdot (\sin^2 \alpha + \cos^2 \alpha) \\ & = \cos^2 \alpha \cdot \sin^2 \beta - \cos^2 \beta \cdot \sin^2 \alpha \end{aligned}
=(cos⁡α⋅sin⁡β+cos⁡β⋅sin⁡α)⋅(cos⁡α⋅sin⁡β−cos⁡β⋅sin⁡α)=sin⁡(β+α)⋅sin⁡(β−α)=sin⁡(45∘−γ)⋅sin⁡(β−α) \begin{aligned} & = (\cos \alpha \cdot \sin \beta + \cos \beta \cdot \sin \alpha) \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot \sin \beta - \cos \beta \cdot \sin \alpha) \\ & = \sin (\beta + \alpha) \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) = \sin (45^\circ - \gamma) \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) \end{aligned}
whereas a transformation of the right-hand side (R.H.S.) leads to
R.H.S.=2⋅cos⁡γ⋅(cos⁡α⋅(−cos⁡(45∘+β))−cos⁡β⋅(−cos⁡(45∘+α)))=2⋅22⋅cos⁡γ⋅(cos⁡α⋅(sin⁡β−cos⁡β)+cos⁡β⋅(cos⁡α−sin⁡α))=2⋅cos⁡γ⋅(cos⁡α⋅sin⁡β−cos⁡β⋅sin⁡α)=2⋅cos⁡γ⋅sin⁡(β−α) \begin{aligned} \text{R.H.S.} & = 2 \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot (-\cos (45^\circ + \beta)) - \cos \beta \cdot (-\cos (45^\circ + \alpha))) \\ & = 2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot (\sin \beta - \cos \beta) + \cos \beta \cdot (\cos \alpha - \sin \alpha)) \\ & = \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot (\cos \alpha \cdot \sin \beta - \cos \beta \cdot \sin \alpha) \\ & = \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) \end{aligned}
Equating L.H.S. and R.H.S. we obtain
sin⁡(45∘−γ)⋅sin⁡(β−α)=2⋅cos⁡γ⋅sin⁡(β−α)⟹sin⁡(β−α)⋅(2⋅cos⁡γ−sin⁡(45∘−γ))=0⟹α=β or 2⋅cos⁡γ=sin⁡(45∘−γ). \begin{aligned} & \sin (45^\circ - \gamma) \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) = \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma \cdot \sin (\beta - \alpha) \\ \Longrightarrow & \sin (\beta - \alpha) \cdot (\sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma - \sin (45^\circ - \gamma)) = 0 \\ \Longrightarrow & \alpha = \beta \text{ or } \sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma = \sin (45^\circ - \gamma). \end{aligned}
But γ<45∘\gamma < 45^\circ; so 2⋅cos⁡γ>cos⁡γ>cos⁡45∘=sin⁡45∘>sin⁡(45∘−γ)\sqrt{2} \cdot \cos \gamma > \cos \gamma > \cos 45^\circ = \sin 45^\circ > \sin (45^\circ - \gamma). This leaves α=β\alpha = \beta.

With similar reasoning we have α=γ\alpha = \gamma, which means triangle ABCABC must be equilateral.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.