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Geometry Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Taiwan

Let △ABC\triangle ABC be an acute triangle and let CPCP be the altitude to side ABAB, and let HH be any point on CPCP. Lines AH,BHAH, BH meet BC,ACBC, AC respectively at points M,NM, N.
(1) Prove: ∠NPC=∠MPC\angle NPC = \angle MPC
(2) Let OO be the intersection point of MNMN and CPCP, and let an arbitrary line through OO meet the sides of quadrilateral CNHMCNHM at points D,ED, E. Prove: ∠EPC=∠DPC\angle EPC = \angle DPC.

Solution

(1) Denote ∠NPC=ϕ1\angle NPC = \phi_1, ∠MPC=ϕ2\angle MPC = \phi_2, then
S△NPCS△NPA=CNAN=CPsin⁡ϕ1APcos⁡ϕ2. \frac{S_{\triangle NPC}}{S_{\triangle NPA}} = \frac{CN}{AN} = \frac{CP \sin \phi_1}{AP \cos \phi_2}.
Therefore, tan⁡ϕ1=CNAN⋅APCP\tan \phi_1 = \frac{CN}{AN} \cdot \frac{AP}{CP}.
Similarly, tan⁡ϕ2=CMBM⋅BPCP\tan \phi_2 = \frac{CM}{BM} \cdot \frac{BP}{CP}.
Thus, tan⁡ϕ1=tan⁡ϕ2\tan \phi_1 = \tan \phi_2 is equivalent to
CNAN⋅APBP⋅BMCM=1. \frac{CN}{AN} \cdot \frac{AP}{BP} \cdot \frac{BM}{CM} = 1.
In △ABC\triangle ABC, applying Ceva's theorem to the lines AM,BN,CPAM, BN, CP gives the above equation directly.

(2) Denote ∠NPC=∠MPC=ϕ\angle NPC = \angle MPC = \phi.
To prove the conclusion, it suffices to prove
sin⁡(ϕ−x)sin⁡x=sin⁡(ϕ−y)sin⁡γ, \frac{\sin(\phi - x)}{\sin x} = \frac{\sin(\phi - y)}{\sin \gamma},
where x=∠EPO,γ=∠DPOx = \angle EPO, \gamma = \angle DPO. In fact, the latter is equivalent to
sin⁡ϕcos⁡x−cos⁡ϕsin⁡xsin⁡xsin⁡γ=sin⁡ϕcos⁡x−cos⁡ϕsin⁡γsin⁡γ⇔cot⁡x=cot⁡γ⇔x=γ. \begin{align*} & \frac{\frac{\sin \phi \cos x - \cos \phi \sin x}{\sin x}}{\sin \gamma} \\ &= \frac{\sin \phi \cos x - \cos \phi \sin \gamma}{\sin \gamma} \\ \Leftrightarrow \quad & \cot x = \cot \gamma \Leftrightarrow x = \gamma. \end{align*}
Suppose E∈NH,D∈CME \in NH, D \in CM, then
NEEH=S△NEPS△EHP=NP⋅sin⁡(ϕ−x)PH⋅sin⁡x. \frac{NE}{EH} = \frac{S_{\triangle NEP}}{S_{\triangle EHP}} = \frac{NP \cdot \sin(\phi - x)}{PH \cdot \sin x}.
Therefore,sin⁡(ϕ−x)sin⁡x=NEEH⋅PHNP(1) Therefore, \frac{\sin(\phi - x)}{\sin x} = \frac{NE}{EH} \cdot \frac{PH}{NP} \quad (1)
Similarly, we obtain
sin⁡(ϕ−γ)sin⁡γ=DMCD⋅CPPM(2) \frac{\sin(\phi - \gamma)}{\sin \gamma} = \frac{DM}{CD} \cdot \frac{CP}{PM} \quad (2)
Using (1) and (2), it suffices to prove
NEEH⋅CDDM⋅PHCP⋅MONO=1.(3) \frac{NE}{EH} \cdot \frac{CD}{DM} \cdot \frac{PH}{CP} \cdot \frac{MO}{NO} = 1. \quad (3)
(since POPO is the angle bisector of ΔNPM\Delta NPM, that is, PMPN=MONO\frac{PM}{PN} = \frac{MO}{NO}.)
Also, since
NEEH=SΔNEOSΔEHO=NOsin⁡δOHsin⁡ψ,CDDM=SΔCDOSΔDMO=COsin⁡ψOMsin⁡δ, \frac{NE}{EH} = \frac{S_{\Delta NEO}}{S_{\Delta EHO}} = \frac{NO \sin \delta}{OH \sin \psi}, \\ \frac{CD}{DM} = \frac{S_{\Delta CDO}}{S_{\Delta DMO}} = \frac{CO \sin \psi}{OM \sin \delta},
where δ=∠MOD,ψ=∠EOP\delta = \angle MOD, \psi = \angle EOP. Thus, (3) simplifies to
OCOH⋅PHPC=1. \frac{OC}{OH} \cdot \frac{PH}{PC} = 1.
Applying Menelaus's theorem to ΔBHC\Delta BHC and line MNMN, to ΔCHM\Delta CHM and line ABAB, and to ΔBHM\Delta BHM and line ACAC respectively, we obtain
BNNH⋅HOOC⋅CMMB=1,CPPH⋅HAAM⋅MBBC=1,HNNB⋅BCCM⋅MAHA=1, \frac{BN}{NH} \cdot \frac{HO}{OC} \cdot \frac{CM}{MB} = 1, \\ \frac{CP}{PH} \cdot \frac{HA}{AM} \cdot \frac{MB}{BC} = 1, \\ \frac{HN}{NB} \cdot \frac{BC}{CM} \cdot \frac{MA}{HA} = 1,
Multiplying the three equations gives
OCOH⋅PHPC=1. \frac{OC}{OH} \cdot \frac{PH}{PC} = 1.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from zh; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.